Saturday, October 1, 2016
Yellowstone 黄石公园 - Old Faithful Geyser
老忠实间歇泉是一座位于美国黄石国家公园的间歇泉,于1870年沃什布恩-兰福德-多恩探险期间被命名,为黄石国家公园第一个被命名的间歇泉。现喷发规律是90分钟左右一次,该间歇泉和旁边的老忠实旅馆一起被列为老忠实历史区。
老忠实间歇泉的3,700~8,400美制加仑(14,000~32,000升)沸水喷发高度可达 106~185英尺(32~56米),持续1.5至5分钟,平均高度是145英尺(44米),最高纪录为185英尺(56米)。每次喷发间歇为45至125分钟,1939年时平均时间为66.5分钟,现在已经逐渐升至90分钟。 同时其规律为双峰分布。
有记录的喷发已超过137,000次,哈利·伍德沃在1938年首次描述出了老忠实间歇泉喷发与间歇间的数学关系。老忠实间歇泉并不是黄石国家公园最高或最大的间歇泉,该头衔应属蒸气船间歇泉。
多年来,老忠实间歇泉喷发间的间歇一直在增加,这可能是由于地震导致了地下水水位变化。这些变化使得其早期记录显得与现在不符,不过也使得它的喷发规律更容易被猜到了,同时因为实际上并不受上间歇泉盆地的上升气流影响,所以其喷发规律十分稳定。
在1983年至1994年间,共有四个可以检测温度和压力的探测器被放入老忠实间歇泉的72英尺(22米)深处,此处的温度是244 °F(118 °C),与1942年的测量结果相同。摄像机最深放至42英尺(13米)处,以观察管道构造和喷发时管道中的情形。管道中最高温度可达265 °F(129 °C)。
Old Faithful is a cone geyser located in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States. Old Faithful was named in 1870 during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition and was the first geyser in the park to receive a name. It is one of the most predictable geothermal features on Earth,[citation needed]; since 2000, it has erupted every 44 to 125 minutes. The geyser, as well as the nearby Old Faithful Inn, is part of the Old Faithful Historic District.
Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 US gallons (14,000 to 32,000 L) of boiling water to a height of 106 to 185 feet (32 to 56 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m). Intervals between eruptions can range from 35 to 120 minutes, averaging 66.5 minutes in 1939, slowly increasing to an average of 90 minutes apart today. The time between eruptions has a bimodal distribution, with the mean interval being either 65 or 91 minutes.
More than 1,000,000 eruptions have been recorded. Harry Woodward first described a mathematical relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions in 1938. Old Faithful is not the tallest or largest geyser in the park; those titles belong to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.
Over the years, the length of the interval has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes affecting subterranean water levels. These disruptions have made the earlier mathematical relationship inaccurate, but have in fact made Old Faithful more predictable. With a margin of error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 91 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes. The reliability of Old Faithful can be attributed to the fact that it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.
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